Satellites, astronomy and society: Sharing space and the skies

By Federico Di Vruno, Spectrum Manager, SKA Observatory; Vice-Chair, ITU-R Working Party 7D; Associate Director, IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky, and Piero Benvenuti, Professor Emeritus of Astrophysics, University of Padua; Director, IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky

For millennia, humanity has looked to the night sky for inspiration, to wonder and to seek understanding. The stars have guided us, shaped calendars, inspired art, literature, philosophy and connected cultures through shared stories.

Beyond this cultural significance, astronomy has profoundly influenced humanity by advancing science and technology, from fundamental physics to medical imaging and communications techniques.

But perhaps the most importantly, astronomy provides a unique perspective of our place in the Universe. Engagement by enthusiasts – not only professionals – fosters curiosity, international collaboration, and a sense of shared human heritage.

The night sky remains one of the few global commons experienced by all people, regardless of geography or background. Our ability to observe and connect with the cosmos is therefore not only important for scientific discovery, but also for education, culture, and maintaining an enduring source of wonder that has accompanied civilization throughout history.

Technological advances such as reusable rockets, combined with the growing need to expand connectivity to underserved and remote regions, have propelled space activity to unprecedented levels.

Private companies have started launching thousands of low Earth orbit satellites as part of so-called large satellite constellations. While these systems bring important societal benefits, including improved global connectivity and resilience, they also introduce new challenges for astronomy and humanity’s experience of the night sky.